Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach

Nurten Yılmaz; Mustafa Oğuzhan Kaya

doi:10.19159/tutad.1625331

TR EN

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach

Öz

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of different Four Thieves Vinegar (FTV) variants, including annual, monthly and commercial FTV, against pneumonia-associated respiratory pathogens (PARPs) isolates. The well diffusion agar method was used to test the antimicrobial activity against 23 PARPs isolates such as Staphylococcus aureus (3 isolates), Acinetobacter baumannii (9 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6 isolates), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5 isolates). FTV was prepared by fermenting apple cider vinegar with selected several medicinal and aromatic herbs such as sage, rosemary, cinnamon, mint and lavender and others in a 3:2 ratio of apple cider vinegar to water under controlled conditions for monthly and annual incubation periods. Samples were tested in pure (100%) and 50% diluted forms. Among the variants tested, annual FTV showed the strongest inhibitory effect. The inhibition zones ranged from 19.52 mm to 16.70 mm for K. pneumoniae and 19.65 mm to 14.71 mm for A. baumannii. In contrast, monthly FTV and Apple-V showed moderate antimicrobial activity, while Commercial FTV showed the lowest efficacy, indicating that traditional fermentation enhances antimicrobial potency. The pure (100%) FTV samples generally showed larger inhibition zones than the 50% diluted samples, confirming the concentration-dependent efficacy of FTV. The antimicrobial effects varied with fermentation time and vinegar composition, with longer fermentation times correlating with stronger inhibitory activity. FTV showed strong antimicrobial potential against PARPs, making it a natural alternative to chemical disinfectants and highlighting the value of traditional methods. Further research should optimise formulations and assess stability against other hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach

Öz

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of different Four Thieves Vinegar (FTV) variants, including annual, monthly and commercial FTV, against pneumonia-associated respiratory pathogens (PARPs) isolates. The well diffusion agar method was used to test the antimicrobial activity against 23 PARPs isolates such as Staphylococcus aureus (3 isolates), Acinetobacter baumannii (9 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6 isolates), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5 isolates). FTV was prepared by fermenting apple cider vinegar with selected several medicinal and aromatic herbs such as sage, rosemary, cinnamon, mint and lavender and others in a 3:2 ratio of apple cider vinegar to water under controlled conditions for monthly and annual incubation periods. Samples were tested in pure (100%) and 50% diluted forms. Among the variants tested, annual FTV showed the strongest inhibitory effect. The inhibition zones ranged from 19.52 mm to 16.70 mm for K. pneumoniae and 19.65 mm to 14.71 mm for A. baumannii. In contrast, monthly FTV and Apple-V showed moderate antimicrobial activity, while Commercial FTV showed the lowest efficacy, indicating that traditional fermentation enhances antimicrobial potency. The pure (100%) FTV samples generally showed larger inhibition zones than the 50% diluted samples, confirming the concentration-dependent efficacy of FTV. The antimicrobial effects varied with fermentation time and vinegar composition, with longer fermentation times correlating with stronger inhibitory activity. FTV showed strong antimicrobial potential against PARPs, making it a natural alternative to chemical disinfectants and highlighting the value of traditional methods. Further research should optimise formulations and assess stability against other hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Tarımda Enzim ve Mikrobiyal Biyoteknoloji, Tarımsal Biyoteknoloji (Diğer), Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Nurten Yılmaz ^*
0000-0003-3867-509X
Türkiye

Mustafa Oğuzhan Kaya
0000-0002-8592-1567
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

28 Mart 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

22 Ocak 2025

Kabul Tarihi

14 Mart 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1625331

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA36WK78PJ

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yılmaz, N., & Kaya, M. O. (2025). Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(1), 36-43. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1625331

AMA

1.Yılmaz N, Kaya MO. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach. TÜTAD. 2025;12(1):36-43. doi:10.19159/tutad.1625331

Chicago

Yılmaz, Nurten, ve Mustafa Oğuzhan Kaya. 2025. “Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12 (1): 36-43. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1625331.

EndNote

Yılmaz N, Kaya MO (01 Mart 2025) Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12 1 36–43.

IEEE

[1]N. Yılmaz ve M. O. Kaya, “Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach”, TÜTAD, c. 12, sy 1, ss. 36–43, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.19159/tutad.1625331.

ISNAD

Yılmaz, Nurten - Kaya, Mustafa Oğuzhan. “Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 12/1 (01 Mart 2025): 36-43. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.1625331.

JAMA

1.Yılmaz N, Kaya MO. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach. TÜTAD. 2025;12:36–43.

MLA

Yılmaz, Nurten, ve Mustafa Oğuzhan Kaya. “Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 12, sy 1, Mart 2025, ss. 36-43, doi:10.19159/tutad.1625331.

Vancouver

1.Nurten Yılmaz, Mustafa Oğuzhan Kaya. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Thieves Vinegar Against Pneumonia-Associated Respiratory Pathogens: A Sustainable and Edible Disinfectant Approach. TÜTAD. 01 Mart 2025;12(1):36-43. doi:10.19159/tutad.1625331